The small microwave skin depth of sea water as well as the small penetration depth of laser signal in water impose limitations on the application of SAR and Lidar in sea surveillance systems. On the other hand, vessels travelling at sea bring about hydrodynamic anomalies in the sea water called as WAKE. These hydrodynamic disturbances can be detected by using some techniques such as airborne radio imaging and Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) electroMAGNETIC signal processing. In practice, the motion of conductive sea water anomalies in the natural earth's MAGNETIC field induces ELF MAGNETIC WAKEs which can be measured via accurate MAGNETIC sensors and detected through signal processing schemes. The physical properties of the hydrodynamic WAKE as well as those relating to the corresponding MAGNETIC WAKE are directly related to the vessel parameters such as hull shape, speed and heading. In this work, we firstly derive and formulate the mathematical expressions relating to the aforementioned hydrodynamic and MAGNETIC WAKEs. By employing derived expressions, a novel detection scheme is proposed based on constructing the 2-dimentional image of the vessel’, s MAGNETIC WAKE through the MAGNETIC signals captured from an array of MAGNETIC sensors, and finally, the relation between the spectral image of the MAGNETIC WAKE and the vessel heading is studied. We will show that our proposed scheme can detect the existence of a remote vessel as well as its heading from the constructed image with high accuracy, and moreover, it does not have common limitations of existing single-sensor based heading detection schemes.

Background and Objectives: The processing of the measured passive MAGNETIC signal instigated from remote ships and submarines is one of the most effective and novel methods for the detection of remote traveling vessels. The geoMAGNETIC field of the earth, the electrical conductivity of seawater, and the electroMAGNETIC induction law are the three elements helping us to detect remote vessels in seawater. The traveling of a vessel in the seawater as an electrical conductor induces MAGNETIC anomaly in the geoMAGNETIC field of the earth whose processing and detection leads to the detection of the remote vessel. Methods: In this paper, we present a mathematical structure for modeling the MAGNETIC anomaly and its relation to the environmental parameters as well as the physical parameters of the traveling body such the vessel’s shape and speed. We propose the detection process through a single MAGNETIC sensor located at some specified depth under the sea surface. The proposed structure has many advantages to the currently available airborne sensors. Findings: We will analytically show that there always exists an optimal depth wherein if the MAGNETIC sensor is located, maximum detection probability is achieved. We will show through numerical results that the optimal depth gets higher if the travelling speed of the vessel is increased. We will also show that if the traveling speed is lower than 10m/s, the optimal depth is lower than 6m and is independent of the sea depth Conclusion: We will show that the amplitude of the MAGNETIC WAKE above the sea surface and under the seabed suffers from severe attenuation, and there always exists an optimal depth under the sea surface wherein if the sensor is positioned, maximum magnitude of anomaly is captured. The impact of different parameters such as the location of the sensor, the depth of the sea, as well as the speed, length and traveling depth of the submerged traveling body are evaluated on the performance of our proposed scheme.

Background and Aims: Disc displacement is the most common temporomandibular joint disorder and MAGNETIC resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard in its diagnosis. This disorder can lead to changes in signal intensity of MAGNETIC resonance (MR). The purpose of this study was evaluation of correlation between relative signal intensity of MR images of retrodiscal tissue, superior and inferior head of lateral ptrygoid muscle with type of anterior disk displacement and condylar head flattening in patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD).Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, 31 MR images of patients who had anterior disc displacement were evaluated. After relative signal intensity measurement for retrodiscal tissue, superior and inferior head of lateral ptrygoid muscle, the correlation between relative signal intensity and type of anterior disc displacement was evaluated with repeated measure ANOVA test. In each of these 3 areas, t-test was used to compare the groups with and without condylar head flattening.Results: The correlation between relative signal intensity of MR images and type of anterior disc displacement in retrodiscal tissue, superior and inferior head of lateral ptrygoid muscle was not significant. There was also no statistically significant correlation between relative signal intensity of MR images and flattening of condylar head in retrodiscal tissue, superior and inferior head of lateral ptrygoid muscle (P>0.05).Conclusion: According to findings of this study, relative signal intensity of MR images in retrodiscal tissue, superior and inferior head of ptrygoid muscle is not a good predictor for type of anterior disc displacement and flattening of condylar head. It seems that this cannot be used as a diagnostic marker for TMD progression.

In this paper, the influence of initial momentum and the injection angle of electron in to the magnetized plasma in a laser WAKE-field accelerator have been studied. It has been seen that the use of external MAGNETIC field in the opposite direction of laser pulse propagation leads to an increase in the WAKE-field amplitude and a decrease in laser pulse group velocity in comparison to the use of external MAGNETIC field in same direction of laser pulse propagation or unmagnetized plasma case. The results show, the effect of initial momentum variation on the final energy gained by electron is lower in comparison with the effect of injection angle variation. It is observed when the injection angle is increased, the electron can stay more in acceleration phase and reach to more final energy. The maximum final energy of accelerated electron is about 2. 5 GeV when the MAGNETIC field is applied along the reverse direction. Also, the electron energy is increased with the increase of injection angle and lowest energy is related to the case of MAGNETIC field applied along the reverse direction.

Political Islam is the only active religion discourse in the world claiming to have program for Religion and the Muslim world and to achieve this goal it must gain political power. From its existence the dialogue has triggered different experiences in Islamic countries. The most important victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979 and Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood movement was to seize power in 2011 in a democratic way. Islamic Revolution in Iran could have been hegemon in the minds and language of people, But Muslim Brotherhood has a history of more combat power during activity which always has failed. To find the reason of success for Islamic Revolution in 1979 and the failure of the Muslim Brotherhood movement between the years 2011-2013 as two identical understanding of political Islam, is the purpose of the present paper. The question raised in this situation is: what are the advantages of political Islam dialogue in Iran that lack of them for The Muslim Brotherhood movement has caused a failure to gain political power? The findings of the present paper, gained based on Laclau, and Mouffe's discourse analysis, indicate that since the Muslim Brotherhood movement emphasizes on eclectic knowledge, has no evidence of superior leader like Imam Khomeini, and has no signs of the supreme leadership and the inability to control structural power centers, Failed to gain political developments in Egypt during the 2011-2013, and failed to maintain its sovereignty in the political arena facing with military crises and ultimately has pushed into margin.

Wind turbines operate mostly in yaw conditions that give rise to cyclic variations in aerodynamic forces applied on the blade. This induced load fluctuation is closely related to the upstream velocity field of the rotor and can be a significant source of fatigue and vibration. An accurate prediction of blade loading is considered the key in designing reliable and efficient wind turbines. The related calculation remains a complicated task to perform and requires enormous computing time. In this context, a numerical method is presented, aimed at evaluating the azimuthal fluctuation of the normal force. This method is obtained by coupling the Beddoes near-WAKE model and the free-WAKE method: the near-WAKE-induced velocities are calculated using Beddoes near-WAKE model with the far-WAKE contribution evaluated using the free-WAKE method. In addition, the unsteady effects on the aerodynamic coefficients are taken into account using the Beddoes-Leishman dynamic stall model. A computer code was developed, and numerical values were obtained in acceptable computational time. Results are compared with measurements performed in the NASA Ames wind tunnel.

Background: Life style Changes during Ramadan month could possibly affect sleep-related behaviors such as total daily sleep time, sleep and WAKE up time and brain waves. In addition, Spirituality and religiosity have a marvelous influence on mental health and effective solutions against stress are being religious and believe in God. This review discusses the results of all related studies about possible effects of Ramadan fasting on various aspects of sleep pattern and mental health.Methods: keywords such as 'Ramadan', 'Ramadan Fasting', 'Islamic Fasting', 'Fasting in Ramadan' and Fasting along Sleep, Chronotype, Sleep Latency, REM, NREM, Brain Wave, Psychology, Mental health, Religion, Mood, Depression, Social interaction, Depressive illness, Psychomotor performances, Bipolar disorders, Accident, Mania, Anxiety and Stress were searched via PubMed database, Scientific Information Datebas (SID) and also some local journals, hence, 103 related articles from 1972 until 2010 were studied.Results: The results of studies about the effects of Ramadan fasting on sleep pattern is not similar and these differences could be due to cultural and life style discrepancy in several countries. Fasting during Ramadan could lead to delay in sleep-WAKE cycle, decrease in deep sleep and lack of awareness during the day.Conclusion: There are various reasons such as dietary pattern, hormonal changes and also stress which could alter the quantity and quality of sleep during Ramadan. Also, according to the available information, there is a relationship between fasting and mental health.